"Blob" - Kwayar halitta mai sel guda ɗaya tare da nau'ikan dacewa 720 wanda ke koyo ba tare da kwakwalwa ba

A watan Oktoba 2019, gidan dabbobi na Paris ya gabatar da wani baje kolin da ba a saba gani ba ga jama'a - wani nau'in laka mai launin rawaya wanda aka ba shi lakabin "blob". A bayan wannan suna mai ban sha'awa, akwai Physarum polycephalum (wanda kuma aka sani da Badhamia polycephala a cikin sabbin bayanan taxonomic) - wani nau'in naman gwauron itace (slime mold) wanda ke tilasta masana kimiyya su sake tunani game da fahimtarsu game da hankalin halittu.

Menene wannan kwayar halitta

Blob ba dabbace, ba shuka ba, kuma ba naman gwauron itace (fungus) ba ne. Yana daga cikin rukunin Amoebozoa. A cikin matakin aikinsa na aiki (plasmodium), ba tarin kwayoyin halitta bane, amma kwayar halitta guda ɗaya mai girman gigantic tare da dubban nuclei da aka haɗa ta hanyar cytoplasm guda ɗaya. Ba shi da kwakwalwa, tsarin jijiya, ko gabobin ji, amma yana motsawa da gudun har zuwa 1 cm a kowace awa saboda kwararar cytoplasmic mai ritim.

Nau'ikan dacewa 720

Mafi yawan almara shine cewa blob yana da jinsi 720. A cikin 2026, Farfesa Marc-André Selosse daga Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tarihin Halitta a Faransa ya musanta wannan kalmar a hukumance. A gaskiya ma, muna magana ne game da nau'ikan dacewar kwayoyin halitta 720. Ana tantance su ta hanyar haɗa alleles a wurare uku (matA, matB, matC), wanda ke ba da damar kwayoyin halitta masu girman mikroskop su haɗu. Naman gwauron itace ba shi da rarrabuwar al'ada tsakanin maza da mata.

Yadda yake koyo ba tare da kwakwalwa ba

Gwaje-gwajen kimiyya sun tabbatar da wasu hanyoyin daidaitawa a cikin Physarum:

• Saba wa (Habituation). A cikin 2016, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa blob yana daina gujewa abubuwan da ba su da lahani amma ba su da dadi (kamar caffeine ko quinine) idan ana samun su akai-akai a hanyar zuwa abinci.
• Tunawa da sarari (Spatial memory). Yayin da yake motsawa, naman gwauron itace yana barin wani yadudduka na laka ta waje a bayansa. Wannan yana aiki azaman "tunawa ta waje": yana gujewa yankunan da aka riga aka bincika, wanda ke taimaka masa yin tafiya ta cikin mazes cikin inganci.
• Canja "ilimi". A cikin 2017, an tabbatar da cewa lokacin da aka haɗa plasmodia guda biyu, kwayar halittar da ba a horar da ita tana karɓar dabi'un wadda aka horar, tana yin watsi da cikas da ake gujewa a baya.

Gwaje-gwaje mashahura

A cikin 2000, masana kimiyya na Japan sun sanya blob a cikin maze tare da kuma oats a fitarwa. Kwayar halittar ta gaggauta samun mafi gajeren hanya, tare da rassan da ba su da amfani na cibiyar sadarwa suna mutuwa. A cikin 2010, masu bincike sun sake yin taswirar Tokyo a kan kwano na Petri, suna sanya abinci a wuraren tashoshi. Naman gwauron itace ya gina hanyar sadarwa wacce, ta fuskar inganci, farashi, da juriya ga gazawa, ta tabbata cewa tana daidai da ainihin tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Japan.

Juriya da ayyukan sararin samaniya

Blob yana iya gyara membrane da ta lalace cikin sauri, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau (fari), yana canzawa zuwa wani sclerotium (tsami mai tauri) wanda zai iya jira danshi na tsawon shekaru. A cikin 2021, masana kimiyya na Faransa sun aika da samfuran Physarum zuwa ISS tare da sararin samaniya Thomas Pesquet don nazarin tasirin microgravity akan kewayawar sararin samaniya.

Masana kimiyya suna muhawara ko ana iya kiran wannan "hankali". Blob baya tunani a ma'anar ɗan adam. Duk da haka, yana nuna cewa daidaitawa mai rikitarwa, inganta hanyoyi, da mafi sauƙin nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya sun yiwu ta hanyar hanyoyin kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai na gida a cikin kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, ba tare da neuron ɗaya ba.